Principles of Islamic Economy

1. Introduction

There are three economic system known in the world, the economic system of the Socialist / Communist, Capitalist economic system and economic system Islam.Masing individual has the characteristics of these systems.

First, the Socialist economic system / communist mind have emerged as a result of the capitalist to exploit human understanding, so that the state interfered enough in the role very strong. In case  is no freedom in economic activity for individuals, but everything's for the benefit together, so that the non-recognition of ownership . State is responsible in distributing resources and products to the entire community.

Second, the capitalist economic system. In contrast to the communist system, the system is so diametrically opposed to the Socialist / Communist, in which the state does not have a primary role. System is very adopts a market mechanism. The system recognizes the existence of an invisible hand that intervene in the market mechanism in the event of irregularities (invisible hand). Which became his main aspiration is both economic growth, so that every individual can engage in economic activities with the recognition of private property.

Third, the economic system of Islam present economic Islam System far ahead of the two systems referred to above, namely the 6th century, while the 17th century capitalist and socialist economic system of the 18th century In Islam, the emphasis is on the creation of equitable distribution of income, as written in the Al-Hashr verse 7.

Any booty (fai-i) that God gave to His Messenger (of the property) from the people of the towns then is for God, for the apostle, kinsfolk, orphans, the poor and people that way, so that it may not circulate among the rich among you. what is given unto the Apostle, then accept it. and what he forbids you, then leave. and fear Allah. Verily Allah is severe in punishment.

2. Differences in Islamic Economics and Conventional economics in terms of moral and ethical

According Qardhawi system of Islamic economics is no different with the economic system so on, in terms of shape, branch, details, and how the application of diverse, but concerns the global picture that include a number of instructions, rules Sure, directives principle also encompasses most important branch-specific because there different. Hal the Islamic system has always set globally on issues that are changing because of the changing environment and time. In the contrary expounds on issues unchanged.

The fact history shows that Islam is a living system that is comprehensive, which manage all aspects, both in social, economic, and political as well as spiritual.

In regulating economic life, of course God has set rules that constitute the limits of human behavior that benefits an individual without harming other individuals . The habit these are to be supervised by the enactment of rules based on Islamic rules, to face individuals so that they are well implement the rules and control and supervise the passage of those rules.

Things are different with other economic system is located on the moral and ethical this rules . The rule formed in Islamic economics is a rule which is based on the conceptual framework of the community in conjunction with the Higher Power (God), life, human beings, the world, fellow human beings . So final destination on another system there are no rules that define the limits of human behavior that can be detrimental to one party and the other parties benefit.

Some of the rules in the Islamic economy is as follows:

a.Segala things belong to God, man was given the right to take advantage of everything that exists on this earth as God's caliph or the mandate, to take advantage and benefit as much as possible in accordance with the ability of the goods of creation of God.

b.Allah has set certain limits on human behavior and thus benefit the individual without compromising the rights of other individuals.

c. All human beings are dependent on God, so that each person is responsible for the development of society and the removal of the difficulties they face.

d. Status caliphate common to every human being, but by no means always have the same right to benefit. The similarity is only in the opportunity, and every individual can enjoy the benefits of it according to his ability.

e. Individuals have a common dignity as human beings. The rights and obligations of individual economies adapted to the abilities he has and with the normative roles of each in the social structure.

f.Dalam Islam, work rated as good and idleness was rated as kejahatan.Ibadah it is best to work and at the same time work is a right and obligation.

g. Life is a dynamic process towards improvement. Allah loves those who do things when he did a very good way.

h. Do not make harm and do no harm.

i.Suatu good in small ratings clearly dirumuskan.Setiap Muslims are encouraged by the system of ethics (morality) Islam to move beyond minimum rank in righteous deeds.

The market mechanism in the Muslim community should not be considered as an atomistic structure, but the accumulation and concentration of production is possible, do not violate the principles of freedom and cooperation.

In terms of value theory, in Islamic economics is no separation at all between the normative benefits sautu merchandise and value ekonomisnya.Semua prohibited use, automatic no economic value.

If talk about values ​​and ethics in Islamic economics, there are four main grades Rabbaniyyah (divinity), Moral, Humanity, and Pertengahan.Nilai These values ​​describe the uniqueness of the main Islamic economy, even in reality is a typical holistic apparent on everything that is based on the teachings of Islam. On that basis, a very real difference to the economic system laniinya.

Economic Rabbaniyyah meaningful economic ilahiah.Pada Islamic economy as capitalist economy merely talking about the material and keuntungana especially individual, earthly and kekinian.Islam has a way, understanding, economic values ​​that are different from Western economic man who did not expect tranquility of God and does not consider the afterlife at all. A Muslim when planting, work, or trade and others are in order beribadad to Allah.Ketika consume and enjoy various treasures are well aware that sebgai sustenance of Allah and His blessings, which must be grateful as where in God's word letter Saba verse 15.

Indeed, for the people of Saba there are signs (power of God) in the place they are two gardens on the right and on the left. (To be said): "Eat ye of the provision that (given) your Lord and thank you to him. (Your country) is a good country, and (Lord) is the Forgiving God ".

A Muslim is subject to the rule of God, will not attempt to something unlawful, will not do that usury, not hoarding, will not apply unjust, it will not cheat, will not gamble, do not steal, do not be bribed and will not accept bribes .a Muslim would not do waste, and not miserly.

Economic character, in this case the absence of separation between economic activity and morals. Islam does not allow Muslims to prioritize economic interests over the maintenance of the values ​​and virtues that are taught agama.Kegiatan that berkatian with morals contained on economic measures, both with regard to production, distribution, circulation, and konsumsi.Seorang Muslims are bound by faith and morals on any economic activity that is done, both in the business, as well as menginfakkan mengmebangkan property.

Economic humanity, meupakan economic activity whose main objective is the realization of the good life for human beings with all the elements and pilarnya.Selain it aims to enable human needs disyariatkan.Manusia life is the goal of economic activity in the view of Islam, as well as the means and the culprit with utilize the knowledge that Allah taught him and the grace and the ability he has given Nya.Nilai kemanusaian gathered in Islamic economics such as the value of freedom and glory of humanity, justice, and establish laws to humans by the justice, brotherhood, and love each other and help each other in manusia.Nilai among others, to love all mankind, especially people who lemah.Di between the fruit of these values ​​is the recognition of Islam on private property if it is obtained from the ways that justified the Shari'a and running property rights.

Economy middle, the middle value or the value keseimbangan.Pertengahanyang adail is the spirit of economic Islam.Dan this spirit is a very clear distinction with other economic systems. The spirit of the capitalist system is very clear and evident in the cult of the individual, personal interests, and freedom almost absolute in the ownership, development, and spending harta.Ruh tersermin communist economic system in prejudice against individuals and deprivation of instinct to own and become rich. Communists took the benefit of society, as represented by the State, is above any individual and everything.

Characteristic of this mid tersermin in fair balance maintained by Islam between the individual and society, as to which the enforcement in many other pairs, such as the world-hereafter, physical-spiritual-spiritual sense, idealism, and other facts.

3. Principles of Islamic Economics

Thomas Khun states bahsa every economic system had a core paradigm. Islambersumber core economic paradigm of Al-Quran and Islam Sunnah.Ekonomi have basic properties as the economy Rabbani Rabbani and Economic Insani.Disebut because it is loaded with the direction and values ​​of the Divine. While Insani economy because the economy was conducted and intended for human prosperity. (Qaradawi).

According to Yusuf Qaradawi (2004), Islamic economics has three basic principles, namely monotheism, morality, and balance. The first two principles which we both know is definitely not there in the basic foundation of conventional economics. The principle of balance was, in practice, is precisely what makes the conventional economy increasingly criticized and abandoned. Islamic economics is said to have a base as the economy Insani because of the economic system is implemented and is intended to prosperity manusia.Sedangkan according to Chapra, referred to as Tauhid.Keimanan economy has an important role in the economy of Islam, because it will directly affect perspectives in shaping the personality, behavior, style life, tastes, and preferences of humans, attitudes towards the human, moral lingkungan.Saringan resources and aims to maintain self-interest to remain within the boundaries of social interests by changing individual preferences compatible with the social priorities and eliminate or minimize the use of resources to which would frustrate the purpose of the social vision, which will increase the harmony between self-interest and social interest. (Nasution et al)

With reference to the Divine rule, then every human action has moral and religious values. At understand naturalist, resources and the most important factor in the monetarist understanding put financial capital as the Islamic ekomoni terpenting.Dalam insanilah most important resource.

Economic Karasteristik Islam rooted in Islam itself, which includes the three basic principles. All three are fundamental and shared set of economic theory in Islam, namely the principle of faith, morals, and principles of law (muamalah).

There are several economic Karasteristik Islam as mentioned in Al-Al-scientific Mawsu'ah wa al-amaliyah al-Islamiyah which can be summarized as follows:

a. Treasures Unto God and Man is a Khalifah Top treasure

Karasteristik The first consists of two parts:

First, all the treasures of both objects and means of production are the property of Allah, the word Q.S. Al-Baqarah, verse 284 and Q.S.Al -Maai'dah ayat17.

Secondly, man is the vicegerent upon a treasure miliknya.Sesuai with the word of God in QS. Al-Hadid verse 7.

In addition there are the words of the Prophet Muhammad, who also noted the role of man as caliph, among his saying "The world is green and sweet" .Allah has made you a caliph (ruler) of the world. Therefore be ye discusses how do about the treasure in the world.

It can be concluded that the wealth is in the hands of man essentially belongs to God, but God gives rights to people to use it.

Indeed Islam respects private property, be it consumer goods or capital goods. But their use must not conflict with the interests of others. Thus, ownership in Islam is not absolute, because the real owner is God Almighty.

In QS.an-Najm 31 and Word of Allah. in QS. An-Nisaa verse 32 and QS. Qur'an, verse 38. clear distinction between ownership status in the Islamic economic system with other economic systems. In Islam highly respected private ownership although not absolute essence, and their use must not conflict with the interests of others and certainly not contrary to the teachings of Islam as well. While in the capitalist system, ownership is absolute and utilization was bebas.sedangkan the socialist system on the contrary, private ownership is not recognized, that there is ownership by the state.

b. Economy Tied with Aqidah, Sharia (law), and Moral

Among the evidence of economic relations and moral in Islam (Yafie, 2003: 41-42) are: the prohibition against the use of his property owner that may menimbulkankerugian on the property of others or the public interest, the prohibition of fraud in the transaction, the prohibition hoard of gold and silver or sarana- other monetary means, sehinggamencegah circulation of money, a ban on waste, because it would destroy the individual in society.

c.Keseimbangan between spirituality and materialism

Some Western experts have their own interpretation of Islam. They claim that Islam as a religion that maintain themselves, but tolerant (opening up). In addition, the experts stated Islam is a religion that has a religious element (emphasis in terms hereafter) and secularity (in terms of the world) Lo! Islam does not separate between this world and the hereafter.

d. Creating a balance between Islamic economic interests of individuals with a common interest

The sense of balance in the social system of Islam is that Islam does not recognize the absolute right and absolute freedom, but has certain limitations, including in the field of property rights. Only justice can protect the balance between the restrictions set out in the Islamic system for individual and common ownership. Economic activity conducted by a person to prosper themselves, should not be done at the expense and the expense of the interests of others and society in general.

e. Individual freedom guaranteed in Islam

Individuals in the Islamic economy is given the freedom to move both individually and collectively to achieve the goal. But these freedoms must not violate the rules outlined Allah SWT. In the Al-Quran and Al-Hadith. Thus the freedom of nature is not mutlat.

The principle of freedom is very different from the principle of freedom of capitalist and socialist economic system. In a capitalist, individual freedom is not restricted in berekonomi ukhrawi norms, so that no matter halal or haram. While the socialists in fact there is no freedom at all, because all economic activity is regulated and is intended only for the country.

f. Given the state authority Participate in the Mixed Economy

Islam allows the state to regulate the issue of the economy so that the needs of society, both individually and socially can be met proportionally. In Islam the state is obliged to protect the interests of the people of the injustice committed by a person or group of people, or from other countries. States are also obliged to provide social security so that all people can live decent lives.

The role of the state in the economy in the Islamic system is clearly different from the capitalist system that severely limit the role of the state. The opposite is also different from the socialist system which gives the state authority to absolutely dominate the economy.

g. consumption guidance

Islam prohibits people who love luxury and swagger to the law because of the wealth, as the Word of God in QS. Al-Israa verse 16:

h. Investment instructions

On the criteria or standards in assessing investment projects, al-Mawsu'ah Al-ilmiyahwa-al amaliyah al-Islamiyah looked at five criteria in accordance with Islam to be a guide in assessing investment projects, namely:

a) The project is good according to Islam.

b) Providing sustenance as widely as possible to the community members.

c) reducing infidelity, improve income, and wealth.

d) Maintain and develop the property.

e) Protecting the interests of members of the public.

i. alms

Zakat is one of the Islamic economic karasteristik on property not included in other economies. Islam outside the economic system does not recognize God's demand to the owner of the property, in order to set aside a portion of certain assets as cleansing the soul of nature miserliness, envy, and resentment.

j.The prohition Riba

Islam emphasizes the importance of the proper functioning of the money on a normal field, namely as a transaction facility and assessment tools goods. Among the factors that embezzled from the normal field is of interest (usury). There are some other ideas on economic Islamic Caracters, among others proposed by Marthon (2004.27-33). He said things that differentiate Islamic economics operationally with the socialist and capitalist economies are:

a. Dialectics value -value Spritualisme and Materialism

b. freedom berekonomi

c.Dualisme Ownership